Diabetes mellitus (DM) is defined as a chronic metabolic disorder with multiple causes. It is characterized by high blood sugar levels and disturbances in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism due to insulin dysfunction. This dysfunction can result from impaired or insufficient insulin production by the beta cells in the pancreas or the body's reduced responsiveness to insulin (WHO, 1999).   Diabetes often develops without symptoms, but there are some signs to watch for as potential ind...

Breast cancer ranks first in the number of cancer cases and is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide each year. Risk factors closely associated with the increased incidence of breast cancer include being female, age over 50, family and genetic history, a history of breast disease, early menstruation (55 years), reproductive history, hormonal factors, obesity, alcohol consumption, a history of radiation exposure to the chest wall, and environmental factors. After being diagnosed...

When experiencing stroke symptoms or signs of "Immediate Action to the Hospital," patients should promptly check their health condition by going to a doctor's practice or a hospital. There are several methods and tests that will be conducted to diagnose early stroke symptoms, including: Physical Examination This includes several simple tests such as blood pressure, heart rate, and early neurological disorder symptoms. Some neurological examinations that will be performed include: Ale...

The osteoporosis screening panel includes several tests and examinations to evaluate bone health and detect the risk of osteoporosis. Here are some tests commonly performed in the osteoporosis screening panel: Total Serum Calcium, Albumin, and Phosphorus This test is part of the CMP (Comprehensive Metabolic Panel) to detect conditions related to hypercalcemia, such as primary hyperparathyroidism, or hypocalcemia, which can lead to bone loss. Serum Creatinine and Glomerular Filtration Ra...

Here are some things that are commonly checked during a Medical Check-Up (MCU): Current Condition and Medical History The doctor will assess your current condition through anamnesis/interview and take a complete medical history, including family history, past illnesses, allergies, and current medication use. This information helps in identifying risk factors and understanding the individual's health background. Physical Examination A physical examination is conducted to evaluate the over...

There are several examinations needed to diagnose penile cancer. The doctor will start by asking questions about the patient's symptoms and medical history. Then, a physical examination of the penis area will be conducted, including an examination of the groin to check for lymph node swelling. During the physical examination, the doctor will assess the penis for the size, location, movement of the tumor, and the extent of tissue damage around it. Bilateral inguinal lymph node palpation is cru...