Autoimmune diseases occur when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own healthy cells. Because the symptoms often resemble those of many other conditions, diagnosing an autoimmune disease requires a combination of clinical and laboratory examinations.

One of the tests most commonly recommended by doctors when an autoimmune disease is suspected is the ANA Test (Antinuclear Antibody Test). This blood test is used to detect antibodies that attack the nucleus of healthy cells, which should not normally be targeted by the immune system.

Doctors usually recommend an ANA Test when a person experiences persistent or recurring symptoms, such as excessive fatigue, joint pain, fever without a clear infectious cause, or skin rashes commonly associated with autoimmune conditions. The risk is generally higher among women, especially those of reproductive age, and individuals with a family history of autoimmune disease. However, having a family history does not mean that someone will definitely develop an autoimmune disease; it only increases the risk.

In practice, two commonly encountered examinations are ANA IF (Immunofluorescence) and the ANA Profile.

ANA IF as an Initial Screening Test

ANA IF is considered the gold-standard method for initial autoimmune screening. This examination uses an immunofluorescence technique to detect antibodies by observing fluorescent patterns under a microscope.

The results usually include:

• A positive or negative result

• The antibody titer or concentration

• A fluorescence pattern that may provide an initial indication of a possible autoimmune disease

However, a positive ANA IF result alone cannot confirm the specific type of autoimmune disease present.

ANA Profile for More Specific Identification

When the ANA IF result is positive, the doctor may recommend further testing with an ANA Profile.

This examination evaluates various specific antibodies, such as anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm, and others. The information helps doctors distinguish between different autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), Sjögren’s syndrome, scleroderma, and other autoimmune conditions.

In other words, ANA IF serves as an initial screening test, while the ANA Profile helps identify the specific type of autoimmune disease in greater detail.

Laboratory Results Must Still Be Evaluated by a Doctor

It is important to understand that laboratory results are not a final diagnosis. Before establishing a diagnosis, the doctor will evaluate the laboratory findings together with the patient’s medical history, symptoms, physical examination, and other supporting tests.

Early detection through appropriate examinations can help speed up the diagnostic process, allowing treatment to begin as early as possible.

Sahabat PRAMITA who experience symptoms suggestive of an autoimmune disease or have received a doctor’s recommendation may undergo testing at PRAMITA Laboratory and consult the results with the attending physician.