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TYPES OF ALLERGIES IN BABIES
Thu, 10 Nov 2022
Allergies are hypersensitivity reactions initiated by immune mechanisms. The antibody that usually plays a role in allergic reactions is IgE.
Types of allergies in babies
1. Urticaria-angioedema
Urticaria (hives / hives) is a skin eruption that appears (edematous plaques) multiple well-defined, red, paler in the middle, pales when pressed and itchy. Urticaria is sometimes accompanied by angioedema in the form of diffuse swelling that is not itchy and does not pitting with a predilection for the face, periorbita, perioral and genital areas. Sometimes pharyngeal or laryngeal edema may occur, which can be life-threatening.
2. Atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema/dry eczema)
Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin that is based on hereditary and environmental factors. Skin reactions that occur are usually IgE mediated and have a tendency to suffer from asthma, rhinitis or both (allergic march). Symptoms of atopic dermatitis appear before the baby is 6 months old and rarely occur under 8 weeks of age. Predilection for the face, especially the cheeks and extensor areas of the extremities. In young infants, the facial predilection is more frequent than the extensor area. The striking symptom is itching that causes the baby to be restless and fussy with disturbed sleep.
3. Allergic rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis is a symptom of hypersensitivity of the nasal mucosa in the form of itching, sneezing, increased secretions and nasal congestion. Trigger factors for allergic rhinitis are generally non-specific irritants such as exposure to cold air, dust, steam, paint odors, air pollution, cooking odors or detergent powders. The causative allergens in infants and children are often caused by ingestant food allergens compared to inhalation allergies whose role becomes more visible with age. The clinical manifestations of allergic rhinitis have only been found in children over the age of 4-5 years. Family history of atopy is one of the most important predisposing factors for allergic rhinitis in children.
4. Asthma
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways. This chronic inflammation can cause recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness and coughing, especially at night or in the early morning in susceptible individuals. The prevalence of asthma has increased along with the increase in allergic diseases in general due to 2 main factors, namely modernization and urbanization, for example a decrease in exclusive breastfeeding, early solid food feeding, dense settlements and exposure to new allergens.
5. Conjunctivitis
The conjunctiva is the surface mucosa of the eyeball that functions as a defense against foreign antigens and microorganisms. IgE-mediated allergic conjunctivitis usually co-occurs with allergic rhinitis and is therefore referred to as allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Common causes are environmental allergens such as house dust, mites, pet debris and food.
6. Food allergies
Food allergy is an aberrant immunologic reaction where most of these reactions occur through type I hypersensitivity reactions. Factors that cause food allergies can be genetic factors (history of atopy in parents), intestinal immaturity (weak intestinal mucosal defense system, making it easier for allergens to enter the body). ) and allergen exposure. Exclusive breastfeeding reduces the number of infants who are hypersensitive to food in the first year of life. In the gastrointestinal tract, symptoms may include itching of the lips, mouth and pharynx; sore throat, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, protein-losing enteropathy. Symptoms in the respiratory tract in the form of rhinitis, bronchial asthma or recurrent chronic cough. Urticaria, Quincke's swelling (angioedema) or atopic dermatitis may occur on the skin. While the state of anaphylactic shock can occur if the cardiovascular system.
7. Cow's Milk Allergy
Cow's milk allergy disease is a disease based on immunological reactions that arise as a result of giving cow's milk or foods containing cow's milk and this reaction can occur immediately or later. Cow's milk protein is a foreign protein that is first recognized by infants and is the most common allergen in various hypersensitivity reactions.
ASS symptoms usually begin in the first 6 months of life. In infants, clinical manifestations usually occur in 3 organ systems, namely the skin (urticaria, skin redness, pruritus, and atopic dermatitis), the respiratory tract (nose congestion, rhinitis, recurrent cough and asthma), and the gastrointestinal tract (vomiting, colic). , constipation, diarrhea and bloody stools).
Children born to families with a history of atopic allergies can be three to four times higher risk of developing allergies (50-80%) than children from families without a history of atopic allergies (20%). The risk can be higher if both parents have allergies (60-80%). An increased risk also occurs if the mother (compared to the father) has a history of allergies.
In infants who are not breastfed or partially breastfed, formula is given as an alternative to breast milk until 12 months of age. The introduction of solid foods is given when the baby is 6 months old. At that age, babies are ready to accept new foods, textures, ways of eating and need more nutrients than nutrients from breast milk or formula. Delaying solid foods at this age can increase the risk of allergies.
Source:
http://eprints.undip.ac.id/46267/3/Ni_Luh_Yuni_Susanti_22010111110082_Lap.KTI_Bab2.pdf
Author: dr. Melinda R. Kong (Medical Consultant Doctor of PRAMITA Clinical Laboratory Jl. Garuda No. 79 Ruko 4-5 Mahakeret Barat, Manado)
Types of allergies in babies
1. Urticaria-angioedema
Urticaria (hives / hives) is a skin eruption that appears (edematous plaques) multiple well-defined, red, paler in the middle, pales when pressed and itchy. Urticaria is sometimes accompanied by angioedema in the form of diffuse swelling that is not itchy and does not pitting with a predilection for the face, periorbita, perioral and genital areas. Sometimes pharyngeal or laryngeal edema may occur, which can be life-threatening.
2. Atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema/dry eczema)
Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin that is based on hereditary and environmental factors. Skin reactions that occur are usually IgE mediated and have a tendency to suffer from asthma, rhinitis or both (allergic march). Symptoms of atopic dermatitis appear before the baby is 6 months old and rarely occur under 8 weeks of age. Predilection for the face, especially the cheeks and extensor areas of the extremities. In young infants, the facial predilection is more frequent than the extensor area. The striking symptom is itching that causes the baby to be restless and fussy with disturbed sleep.
3. Allergic rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis is a symptom of hypersensitivity of the nasal mucosa in the form of itching, sneezing, increased secretions and nasal congestion. Trigger factors for allergic rhinitis are generally non-specific irritants such as exposure to cold air, dust, steam, paint odors, air pollution, cooking odors or detergent powders. The causative allergens in infants and children are often caused by ingestant food allergens compared to inhalation allergies whose role becomes more visible with age. The clinical manifestations of allergic rhinitis have only been found in children over the age of 4-5 years. Family history of atopy is one of the most important predisposing factors for allergic rhinitis in children.
4. Asthma
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways. This chronic inflammation can cause recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness and coughing, especially at night or in the early morning in susceptible individuals. The prevalence of asthma has increased along with the increase in allergic diseases in general due to 2 main factors, namely modernization and urbanization, for example a decrease in exclusive breastfeeding, early solid food feeding, dense settlements and exposure to new allergens.
5. Conjunctivitis
The conjunctiva is the surface mucosa of the eyeball that functions as a defense against foreign antigens and microorganisms. IgE-mediated allergic conjunctivitis usually co-occurs with allergic rhinitis and is therefore referred to as allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Common causes are environmental allergens such as house dust, mites, pet debris and food.
6. Food allergies
Food allergy is an aberrant immunologic reaction where most of these reactions occur through type I hypersensitivity reactions. Factors that cause food allergies can be genetic factors (history of atopy in parents), intestinal immaturity (weak intestinal mucosal defense system, making it easier for allergens to enter the body). ) and allergen exposure. Exclusive breastfeeding reduces the number of infants who are hypersensitive to food in the first year of life. In the gastrointestinal tract, symptoms may include itching of the lips, mouth and pharynx; sore throat, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, protein-losing enteropathy. Symptoms in the respiratory tract in the form of rhinitis, bronchial asthma or recurrent chronic cough. Urticaria, Quincke's swelling (angioedema) or atopic dermatitis may occur on the skin. While the state of anaphylactic shock can occur if the cardiovascular system.
7. Cow's Milk Allergy
Cow's milk allergy disease is a disease based on immunological reactions that arise as a result of giving cow's milk or foods containing cow's milk and this reaction can occur immediately or later. Cow's milk protein is a foreign protein that is first recognized by infants and is the most common allergen in various hypersensitivity reactions.
ASS symptoms usually begin in the first 6 months of life. In infants, clinical manifestations usually occur in 3 organ systems, namely the skin (urticaria, skin redness, pruritus, and atopic dermatitis), the respiratory tract (nose congestion, rhinitis, recurrent cough and asthma), and the gastrointestinal tract (vomiting, colic). , constipation, diarrhea and bloody stools).
Children born to families with a history of atopic allergies can be three to four times higher risk of developing allergies (50-80%) than children from families without a history of atopic allergies (20%). The risk can be higher if both parents have allergies (60-80%). An increased risk also occurs if the mother (compared to the father) has a history of allergies.
In infants who are not breastfed or partially breastfed, formula is given as an alternative to breast milk until 12 months of age. The introduction of solid foods is given when the baby is 6 months old. At that age, babies are ready to accept new foods, textures, ways of eating and need more nutrients than nutrients from breast milk or formula. Delaying solid foods at this age can increase the risk of allergies.
Source:
http://eprints.undip.ac.id/46267/3/Ni_Luh_Yuni_Susanti_22010111110082_Lap.KTI_Bab2.pdf
Author: dr. Melinda R. Kong (Medical Consultant Doctor of PRAMITA Clinical Laboratory Jl. Garuda No. 79 Ruko 4-5 Mahakeret Barat, Manado)
