The respiratory system in humans is one of the most vital signs of the body. Without the proper functioning of the respiratory system, a person would not be able to breathe, which could even affect the function of other organs. The respiratory system in humans is a collection of organs involved in the process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. A person can be said to have a normal respiratory rate if they breathe 12–20 times per minute at rest and continuously.

The respiratory tract is divided into the upper and lower respiratory tracts. The upper respiratory tract consists of the nasal cavity, sinuses, and the upper throat (pharynx). Meanwhile, the lower respiratory tract includes the mid and lower throat (trachea), bronchi, and lungs.

The respiratory tract can be disrupted and cause various symptoms, ranging from mild to severe. As a result, the function of the lungs in managing oxygen and carbon dioxide can be impaired. If severe respiratory disturbances are not immediately addressed, they can lead to oxygen deprivation in the body and be fatal.

Respiratory disorders are caused by diseases that affect the respiratory tract, including:

1. Asthma
2. Lung infections caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi (pneumonia)
3. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
4. Blockage in the blood vessels of the lungs (pulmonary embolism)
5. High blood pressure in the blood vessels of the lungs (pulmonary hypertension)
6. Whooping cough
7. Infection of the epiglottis (epiglottitis)
8. Tuberculosis (TB)
9. Lung cancer

Factors that can increase a person's risk of respiratory disorders include:

1. Smoking
2. Exposure to pollution, allergens, or toxic gases
3. Obesity
4. Severe stress
5. Traveling to high altitudes

In managing patients with respiratory disorders, doctors require several supporting examinations to establish a diagnosis, including:

1. Blood tests to detect infections, analyze blood gases, and assess kidney function
2. Chest X-rays to detect inflammation in the lungs and heart swelling
3. Lung function tests (spirometry) to evaluate the volume of air inhaled and exhaled by the patient
4. Chest CT scans to detect tumors or cancer in the chest cavity and lungs
5. Echocardiograms to examine the structure and function of heart valves
6. Pulmonary diffusion capacity tests to measure the capacity of air entering and leaving the lungs
7. Electrocardiograms and stress tests to detect coronary heart disease

To prevent respiratory disorders, several measures can be taken, including:

1. Prevent lung infections by regularly washing hands with soap and running water and avoiding contact with sick people.
2. Get vaccinated against pneumonia and ensure children receive immunizations.
3. Do not smoke.
4. Avoid exposure to air pollution.
5. Avoid exposure to allergens or chemicals that can trigger allergic reactions and asthma.
6. Lose weight if obese.
7. Consume a complete and balanced nutritious diet, and exercise regularly.
8. Ensure adequate sleep and rest.
9. Manage stress well.
10. Regularly undergo medical check-ups to monitor your respiratory health.

Author: Dr. Melynda Elka Putri (Medical Service Doctor, Pramita Pekanbaru)