There are several examinations needed to diagnose penile cancer. The doctor will start by asking questions about the patient's symptoms and medical history. Then, a physical examination of the penis area will be conducted, including an examination of the groin to check for lymph node swelling.

During the physical examination, the doctor will assess the penis for the size, location, movement of the tumor, and the extent of tissue damage around it. Bilateral inguinal lymph node palpation is crucial to determine whether the tumor has spread to the lymphatic system. If abnormalities are found during palpation, further examinations are required to confirm the diagnosis. Rectal and bimanual examinations can also provide insights into the extent of tumor invasion and the presence of a pelvic mass.

To establish a diagnosis, the doctor will also conduct additional tests, such as:

• CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen)
  This test is used as an early marker for tumors or cancer in the body.

• Testicular Ultrasound
  Used to check for the spread of penile cancer to the testicles and to detect any swelling in the lymph nodes in the groin.

• Biopsy
  This procedure detects cancer cells by taking a tissue sample from the penis through surgery or fine needle aspiration biopsy.

• CT Scan
  Used to determine the size of the tumor and check whether cancer cells have spread to the lymph nodes and other organs.

• MRI
  MRI provides a clearer view of the penis and examines how far the cancer has spread.

Author:
Dr. Tri Wahyuni (Medical Doctor at Pramita Medical Services, Pontianak)