Diabetes mellitus (DM) is defined as a chronic metabolic disorder with multiple causes. It is characterized by high blood sugar levels and disturbances in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism due to insulin dysfunction. This dysfunction can result from impaired or insufficient insulin production by the beta cells in the pancreas or the body's reduced responsiveness to insulin (WHO, 1999).  

Diabetes often develops without symptoms, but there are some signs to watch for as potential indicators. Common symptoms include polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger). Other symptoms may include blurred vision, difficulty coordinating body movements, tingling in the hands or feet, itching (pruritus), and unexplained weight loss.  

For Type 1 DM, typical symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, fatigue, irritability, and pruritus.  
In Type 2 DM, symptoms are often absent or subtle. It is frequently diagnosed years later when complications have already developed. Individuals with Type 2 DM are more prone to infections, delayed wound healing, worsening vision, and commonly suffer from hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, as well as vascular and nerve complications.  

To determine whether someone has diabetes, blood sugar tests can be performed. There are several types of tests that measure blood sugar levels:  

1. Random Blood Glucose (RBG): This test can be done at any time, even after eating. A result >200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) confirms diabetes.  
2. Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG): This test is performed after fasting for 8-10 hours. A normal result is ≤126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L). Higher levels indicate diabetes.  
3. HbA1C (Glycated Hemoglobin): This test measures average blood sugar levels over the past 3 months. A result >6.5% suggests diabetes.  
4. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): This test is done after fasting and 2 hours after consuming a glucose solution. A result ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) indicates diabetes.  

Source: https://p2ptm.kemkes.go.id  

Author: Dr. Annisa Meitriasari (Medical Practitioner, PRAMITA Lab Semarang)